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Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research
Dendroclimatology Dendroarchaeology Dendroecology Dendro quantitative methods

University of Arizona, Tucson

Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research

2024 Dendrochronology Intensive Summer Course (DISC)

May 13 – May 31, 2024

tiny map
Map of LTRR
(click to see larger image)
architect's rendering
Historical concept of LTRR
(click to see larger image)

Course Objectives


The objectives of the Dendrochronology Intensive Summer Course (DISC) include:

  • Cover basic background of dendrochronology, the study of tree rings
  • Understand features of tree rings that can be measured and used to assess/reconstruct environmental signals and/or to date events of the past
  • Practice the accurate dating of the year of formation of tree rings, using multiple techniques
  • Learn by experience aspects of fieldwork in dendrochronology, including recording field notes electronically
    • Optional: Explore the Sonoran Desert and Sky Islands of Southern Arizona while in Tucson
  • Learn by experience wood shop techniques of preparing dendrochronological specimens for analysis
  • Learn by experience the measurement of ring width and data management and sharing
  • Learn by experience the use of specialty software for analyzing tree-ring data
  • Synthesize replicated dendrochronological data into a defensible interpretation
  • Make short, formal presentations of results to a general audience
  • Specialize in a specific subdiscipline of dendrochronology:
    • Archaeology: Dating of past events of human origin, as well interpreting those events in climatological/ecological contexts
    • Climatology: Modeling modern tree-ring patterns with meteorological data and then reconstructing climatic variability of the past, as well as interpreting high- and low-frequency temporal variability in archaeological/ecological contexts
    • Ecology: Discerning non-climatic signals in tree-ring series that might be ascribable to ecological processes such as fire, insect outbreaks, hillslope positioning, and/or forest management treatments, as well as interpreting ecological events of the past in archaeological/climatological contexts
  • Network with one another, both professionally and personally

Instructors


Dendroecology

portrait

Paul Sheppard
Lab. of Tree-Ring Research
sheppard @ ltrr.arizona.edu

Dendroclimatology

portrait

Kiyomi Morino
Lab. of Tree-Ring Research
kiyomi @ arizona.edu

Dendroclimatology

portrait

David Frank
Lab. of Tree-Ring Research
dddddavidcfrank @ arizona.edu

Dendroarchaeology

portrait

Ron Towner
Lab. of Tree-Ring Research
rht @ arizona.edu

Dendroarchaeology

portrait

Nick Kessler
Lab. of Tree-Ring Research
nvkessler @ arizona.edu


Lecturers


Teaching Assistants
and Administration


  • Ben Bellorado
  • Peter Brewer
  • Jeff Dean
  • Steve Leavitt
  • Ann Lynch
  • Steve Nash
  • Irina Panyushkina
  • Charlotte Pearson
  • Skye Bennett (administration)
  • Martin Munro (information technology)
What to Bring for Tucson and for Fieldwork
Tucson: Mid May and early June will be hot during the day and mildly warm at night. Click here for local weather, then click on Tucson on the map for 5-day forecast. Note: The LTRR classroom is often kept cooler than preferred, so perhaps bring a sweater to class each day while in Tucson.
  • Academic casual attire will suffice for most activities.
  • Hat and sunglasses highly recommendable.
  • Sunscreen also a good idea for outdoor activities lasting more than an hour.
  • Personal laptop:
    • Martin (LTRR IT) has provided instructions on Wifi access while here.
    • An interactive app for crossdating by skeleton plotting will be run a couple of times. It should work on any kind of laptop, in most every browser. Before DISC, please test it out on your equipment and let us know if it doesn't work for you: Crossdating App.
  • PC vs Mac: DPL software runs for sure on PCs, and probably also on Macs after some work-arounds.
  • Don't forget a thumb drive for easy copying, storing, and sharing of data files.
Tucson after hours: Fieldwork: For Ecology, the Arizona White Mountains (east-central Arizona) will be cooler, with at least some chance of rain.
  • As much camping gear as you have (tent, sleeping bag, pillow, everything, this will be car camping)
  • Long clothing (pants and shirt) required for field days
  • Hiking boots required for field days (lighter shoes ok for evening)
  • Hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen essential, maybe a bandana also
  • Cold weather clothing (jacket, gloves, balaclava, raingear); it will be cold at night
  • Small daypack
  • Personal water bottles, travel mugs
  • Personal GPS units desired (but not required)
  • Personal increment borer, if you have one
  • Gloves for coring, as preferred
  • Personal Android device, if you have one
  • Personal medications (personal medical issues?)
    • If you have a serious medical condition that requires daily medication, you must (a) inform the instructor in advance of the field trip, and (b) bring at least a 1 week supply of the medication
  • Personal first-aid kit, as desired
  • Insects are not usually a problem in high country of Arizona in late spring. Perhaps the occasional mosquitos at dusk, but ticks are not as bad here as in other places of the US. Long clothes help ward off insects. Still, feel free to bring repellent as desired.
Overnight accommodations in the field:
  • Fieldtrip travel and food expenses will be covered by the DISC fees.
  • Camping gear will be needed for this trip. If you have your own tent, sleeping bag, ground pad, personal utensils, etc., bring it all. If you need camping gear, inform us of what you need and we'll get it from UA Outdoor Recreation.
Conduct
All DISC participants shall: Also:
  • If you must arrive late or leave early (something not encouraged), please do so quietly.
  • If you have a phone (who doesn't?), please turn it off during class. If you must talk on your phone (does anyone talk on the phone anymore?) or text message someone during lecture, please do that outside of class.
  • If you must read the newspaper (anyone?), tackle the Wildcat crossword and sudoku puzzles (anyone?), study for other courses (occasionally), sleep (lots), surf the web, update Facebook, Farmville, shop Ebay, play online poker, watch DVD movies, binge watch Thrones, or do anything else not related to this course during our lecture time, please do it elsewhere, not in class. These activities are obvious (click here for an example) and are officially considered disruptive. See here for a UA student opinion about surfing the web in class.
  • Click here to see research saying people who multitask really aren't good at multitasking.
  • Racism, sexism, or violence will not be tolerated in the classroom.
  • It's acceptable—even encouraged—to collaborate with fellow students in this course. However, cheating will not be tolerated, including but not limited to:
    • Copying work of fellow students.
    • Plagiarism (click here for a definition of plagiarism).
  • Special note on plagiarism: Some definitions of plagiarism imply that all that is necessary to avoid it when copying someone else's text is to put it in quotes and then cite the original source. While technically this may be true and acceptable in some academic settings, copying someone else's text (put in quotes or otherwise) is hereby NOT acceptable in this course. This includes text from fellow students or students from past semesters, published articles or newspapers, and web sites. In short: Citing yes, copying and/or quoting no.
Special Provisions
  • In compliance with Title III of the Americans With Disabilities Act (1990), students who require special assistance will be suitably accommodated. Students must be registered with the University and a minimum notice of 5 days for such accommodations is requested.
  • Students requiring special accommodation: Please notify the professor and provide the Disability Resource Center letter within the first few days of the course.
  • Student athletes and others who need signatures periodically: Please notify the professor that you'll be needing signatures generally, and please alert the professor before a particular signing period is due so that your most up-to-date grade can be calculated.
Subject to Change
Information contained in this course syllabus, other than the grade and absence policies, may be subject to change with reasonable advance notice.


Tentative Schedule

(Note: It's not expected for readings linked here to be read
ahead of time; these are mostly resources for consulting later.)

Monday, May 13
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-9:30 Coffee and treats served
Welcome and introductions: faculty, staff, and students
9:30-10:45 Principles of dendrochronology (David Frank)
lecture slides
10:45-11:00 Break
11:00-11:45 Food planning (everyone)
11:45-1:00 Break for lunch (Student Union to the north, or Highland Market to the southeast even closer, are nearby and open, see blue circles in map above, or click here)
1:00-1:45 Archaeology travel and field expectations for DISC 2024 (Nick Kessler)
1:45-2:00 Break
2:00-2:30 Equipment check (personal camping gear) and dendro gear for the field trip
2:30-3:00 Ecology/climatology travel and field expectations for DISC 2024 (Paul Sheppard)
3:00-5:00 Students: Get organized with personal gear as needed
Faculty: Do a food run


Tuesday, May 14
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning
departure
8:00 AM
Drive to Camp Verde, AZ, rendezvous at McDonald's
noon lunch in Camp Verde
early
afternoon
Verde Valley Archaeology Museum
late
afternoon
drive to Henderson Flat, set up camp
5:00-6:30 Dinner in camp
dusk discuss plans for the fieldweek


Wednesday, May 15
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning Tree coring demo and practice on piñon pines
noon Meet Yavapai Prescott Tribal Archaeologist, lunch
afternoon rock art tour
archaeo sampling of Sycamore Canyon cliff dwelling
5:00-6:30 Dinner in camp
dusk personal time


Thursday, May 16
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning strike camp
living tree sampling a site near camp
noon lunch, on the road
afternoon drive to next camp, Potato Patch Campground, set up camp
5:00-6:30 Dinner in camp
dusk plan next day


Friday, May 17
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning Tuzigoot National Monument
noon lunch at Montezuma's Castle National Monument
afternoon Montezuma's Castle and Well
late afternoon Scout Mingus Mountain for living-tree dendro projects
5:00-6:30 Dinner in camp
dusk Campfire chat


Saturday, May 18
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
noon lunch
afternoon Palatki Heritage Site
Honanki Heritage Site
late
afternoon
walk Jerome, dinner at Haunted Hamburger
6:30-7:30 Sunset at Mingus Mountain Fire Lookout, for example


Sunday, May 19
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning Drive to Roosevelt Lake
Visit Cline Terrace site
noon lunch
afternoon drive to Tucson
dusk unpack vehicles, return to housing


Monday, May 20
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning off
1:00-2:00 Online Crossdating by Skeleton Plotting using the applet (Paul Sheppard, please have your laptop)
Sheppard: On the crossdating applet teaching tool
2:00-4:30 mounting living-tree cores (Paul Sheppard, classroom)
Phipps: How-to manual for processing increment cores (pages 27-31 cover mounting cores)
take breaks as necessary
4:30-5:00 Student presentations: background and research (bring a powerpoint with a few slides, e.g., a map, a couple field shots, a practice data graphic, research objectives), and expect to fill ~5-10 minutes of presentation and Q&A time. Everyone participates. Today: Paul will go first to demo


Tuesday, May 21
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-10:00 Lecture: Physical and biological basis of tree rings (Steve Leavitt, classroom)
Speer: Botanical basis of dendrochronology
Bowyer et al.: Tree growth & woody tissue
Bowyer et al.: Composition & structure of wood cells
Bowyer et al.: Softwood structure
Bowyer et al.: Hardwood structure
Vaganov et al.: Mechanistic model of tree-ring growth
Steve's powerpoint slides
10:00-10:15 break
10:15-11:00 Lecture: Dendroentomology I (Ann Lynch, classroom)
Swetnam et al.: Using dendrochronology to measure defoliated trees
Lynch: What tree-ring reconstruction says about defoliator outbreaks
O'Connor et al.: Post-fire dynamics affect spruce beetle outbreaks
11:00-11:15 break
11:15-12:00 Lecture: Dendroentomology II (Ann Lynch, classroom)
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-4:00 Wood shop: safety, mounting cross-sections, sanding samples (Chris)
Minor & Arizpe: Trimming down cross-sections, sanding cores
Sanding paper
Tree-ring sanding cartoon
Crossdating with character lists (Paul Sheppard)
Yamaguchi: Character list technique
Speer: List method
Representative data form for character list technique
4:00-4:30 Student presentations: background and research (bring a powerpoint with a few slides, e.g., a map, a field shot, a practice data graphic, research objectives), and expect to fill ~5-10 minutes of presentation and Q&A time. Everyone participates. Today: Elli, plus Dan Griffen, rock star video (7:57 min.) on dendroclimatology in California
evening Working dinner at Paul's house: Planning for subgroups for student projects. All students and instructors. Begin arriving 5:45 (Tank viewing), dinner by ~6:00, discussion at 7:00, done by sunset.


Wednesday, May 22
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-10:00 Dendrodating of Thera (Charlotte Pearson)
10:00-10:15 break
10:15-11:00 Tour of LTRR archive (Peter Brewer)
11:00-12:00 Tour of the rest of the LTRR building (Paul Sheppard)
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-4:00 Crossdating practice on the Zuni collection
download CooRecorder software
CooRecorder website
4:00-4:30 Student presentations: background and research (bring a powerpoint with a few slides, e.g., a map, a couple field shots, a practice data graphic, research objectives), and expect to fill ~5-10 minutes of presentation and Q&A time. Everyone participates. Today: Rebecca and Leslie


Thursday, May 23
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-9:45 Brief History of US Dendrochronology (Ron Towner)
9:45-10:00 break
10:00-11:00 Lecture: Dendroarchaeology Fundamentals (Ron Towner)
11:00-12:00 Lecture: Dendroarchaeology and human behavior (Jeff Dean)
Dean: Behavioral error in archaeological tree-ring dating
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-1:45 Lecture: Intro to ITRDB, find a chronology and make a bar graph of it with BAR (Paul Sheppard)
The International Tree-Ring Data Bank
Grissino-Mayer & Fritts: ITRDB
DPL, a collection of DOS program that includes BAR for barplotting

Try BAR on the chronologies found earlier, for example, AZ26 (Prescott ponderosa pine)
Note: To print DPL outputs:

  1. Open in Word
  2. Select all
  3. Switch to landscape orientation
  4. Set all margins to 0.5"
  5. Switch font to Courier, size 8
  6. Add highlighting, text boxes, as desired
  7. Print in color, double-sided, long edge
1:45-2:30 Lecture: False-ring identification (Kiyomi Morino)
2:30-4:00 Work on cores from DISC 2024 collection.
4:00-4:30 A student presentation: background and research (bring a powerpoint with a few slides, e.g., a map, a couple field shots, research objectives), and expect to fill ~5-10 minutes of presentation and Q&A time. Everyone participates. Today: Brenda and Dulce
Also, click here to order an LTRR t-shirt for yourself.


Friday, May 24
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-9:50 Lecture: Irina Panushkyna: C-14 Excursions in Tree Rings
9:50-10:00 break
10:00-11:00 Lecture: Steve Nash: Embarrassment of Riches, Dendroarchaeology in the Southwest
Nash (2023) The Promise Peril Seductively Large Tree-Ring Date Distributions
11:00-11:15 break
11:15-12:00 Lecture: Jeff Dean, part 2
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-4:00 Ecology Projects Paul
Archaeology Projects Nick
Crossdating and/or measuring of collections
4:00-4:30 A student presentation: background and research (bring a powerpoint with a few slides, e.g., a map, a couple field shots, research objectives), and expect to fill ~5-10 minutes of presentation and Q&A time. Everyone participates. Today: Hitoki and Wade


Saturday, May 25
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
morning Off, laundry, rest, etc.
midday
afternoon
evening open to suggestions for socializing


Sunday, May 26
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
daytime
Optional: Morning outing to Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. The ASDM is a world-renowned living museum of the Sonoran Desert, famously the "finest desert in the world." A must-see while in Tucson. We have a group entrance rate of $8.00 per person, but we must commit to a number of people in our group ahead of time. Please email Paul (prs @ arizona.edu) your desire to do this half-day trip or not.

Otherwise: Off, laundry, rest, etc.

evening Optional: Picnic dinner and open-air concert of the Tucson Pops Orchestra, carpooling (?) to Reid Park, bring a chair


Monday, May 27
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-9:50 Lecture: Cambium peeled trees (Ron Towner)
Towner & Galassini: Peeled trees of the Zuni Mountains
10:00-10:50 Lecture: Hacienda de Gila (Ron Towner)
11:00-12:00 Demo: COFECHA (Paul Sheppard)
The program executable
A text file of info
Holmes: Computer quality control
Grissino-Mayer: COFECHA manual
Another COFECHA manual

COFECHA Example 1
Sunset Crater data, with issues
Output, with issues

COFECHA Example 2
Sunset Crater data, cleaned up
Output, cleaned up

COFECHA Example 3
Sunset Crater data, undated
Output, undated #1
Output, undated #2
12:00-1:00 lunch (bring food, as campus eateries are closed for Memorial Day)
1:30-3:00 Demonstration: CooRecorder (Kiyomi Morino)
CooRecorder website
3:00-5:00 Lab: Continue on group projects (all)


Tuesday, May 28
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-10:30 Lecture: WiggleMatching: HOw and Why (Nick Kessler)
Hodgins et al (2023) An Introduction To Wiggle Match Dating
10:40-11:30 Lecture: Slash and Trash (Ron Towner)
refs?
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-2:00 Demo: CDendro (Kiyomi Morino)
CDendro website
2:00-5:00 Lab: Continue on group projects (all)


Wednesday, May 29
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-10:00 Lecture: Kiva Mural Dating (Ben Bellorado)
10:00-11:00 LTRR Coffee Hour and DISC meet and greet
3rd floor kitchen area
11:00-12:00 Lecture: Essential Resources for Dendrochronology (Paul Sheppard)

Web:
The International Tree-Ring Data Bank
Grissino-Mayer & Fritts: ITRDB
DendroBox, a quick way to access ITRDB data sets
The International Multiproxy Paleofire Database
Online Biblio of Dendrochronology

Books:
Fundamentals of Tree-Ring Research (Click here for a book review of Fundamentals)
Tree Rings and Climate
An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating
USGS: Collecting, Preparing, Crossdating, and Measuring Tree Increment Cores

Journals:
Tree-Ring Research, with access to high quality pdfs of past TRR papers
Dendrochronologia

Classic NGM issues:
National Geographic (March 1958): Bristlecone Pine, Oldest Living Thing
National Geographic (December 1929): Bridging the Gap

Professional society:
The Tree-Ring Society

Social Media:
The ITRDB Forum (email)
Facebook: Tree Rings and Dendro Things
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-5:00 Lab: Group projects (all)


Thursday, May 30
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
9:00-9:50 Dateless archaeology (Ron Towner)
10:00-10:50 Current COFECHA status (Paul Sheppard)
11:00-12:00 Projects (all)
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-5:00 Lab: Group projects (all)

If time and interest:

ARSTAN executable
ARSTAN text file documentation
Cook-Holmes: 1986 ARSTAN Users Manual
1999 ARSTAN Users Manual
ARSTAN output
Prototype presentation of a final chronology


Friday, May 31
Time Archaeology Ecology Climatology
Morning Nearly final preparation of group presentations
12:00-1:00 lunch
1:00-2:00 Final preparation of group presentations
2:00-4:00 Group presentations, all of LTRR invited
4:00-5:00 Presentation of certificates (David Frank), acknowledgments & concluding remarks (any and all instructors who wish to comment)
A video postcard of DISC 2024. Just over seven minutes long, best with headphones.
5:00-5:30
Happy Hour
Course evaluation, completion of 2024 DISC
6:00 Celebration gathering: 6:00 PM at Cafe Passe, 415 N. 4th Ave., Tucson.



Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA